In
relying only on austerity and cheap bailout loans, the German-led strategy has proffered
a false sense of European integration in the E.U. Even as expanding the bailout
funds to roughly 800 billion euros and strengthening the E.U.’s means of
enforcing limits on state deficits and debt are along the line of continued
incremental shifts of governmental sovereignty from the state governments to
that of the E.U., the related austerity (and recession) sparked a populist
backlash in several states. At the state level (and this level has a major role
at the E.U. level—unlike in the U.S.), the state-rights (i.e., anti-E.U.) parties
have been the beneficiaries even if they could not gain outright majorities.
The National Front in the state of France is an obvious example, as it captured
18% of the vote in the run up to the general election in 2012. Other things equal, such a spike translates
into brakes on further European integration in the medium term.
The full essay is in Essays on the E.U. Political Economy, available in print and as an ebook at Amazon.
