A subtle though important difference exists between American and European federalism, each of which covers both the "kingdom" (i.e., early modern, now mostly republics) and "empire" (i.e., ancient and early modern, now usually huge federal systems) scales. So I am referring to federal systems like the U.S., E.U. and Russia (and U.S.S.R), rather than to federal systems within any of their respective political subunits (e.g., Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany). The difference between the E.U. and U.S. that I discuss here can be
grasped by looking at the two competing proposals for federal bank regulation
in the European Union. The crucial question facing the E.U. finance ministers concerns which system of government.
The
complete essay is at Essays on Two Federal Empires.
